Judges

Biblical scholars employ many methods to interpret the text, but one perspective is often overlooked: reading the Bible as the work of writers. Attending to the authors’ literary and aesthetic choices can illuminate meanings that other approaches miss.

In a striking departure from prevailing notions of kingship in both the ancient Near East and early Israel, Deuteronomy introduces the separation of powers among distinct branches of government and subjects all political actors—including the monarch—to the rule of Torah. In effect, Deuteronomy provides a blueprint for the modern concept of the rule of law. These principles rest on an even more revolutionary idea: the establishment of an independent judiciary.

The religiosity of civil law and the obligation to use only Jewish courts: Rashi’s fourfold homily on Exodus 21:1.