Torah Portion

Shoftim

שופטים

Deuteronomy 16:18-21:9
Isaiah 51:12–52:12

If the Criminal Is Unknown, Should We Punish the Crime?

If the Criminal Is Unknown, Should We Punish the Crime?

Up until recent times, throughout the Near East, communities and their leaders were held responsible for crimes committed in their vicinity.

Prof.
Gary A. Rendsburg
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War at the Command of the Gods

War at the Command of the Gods

The ancient Near East, including biblical Israel, tried to come to terms with the horrific realities of war by understanding the destruction it wreaks as an act enjoined by divine command, whether of YHWH, Dagan, Ashur, Marduk, Kemosh, Teshub, etc., who also participated in the battles.

Prof.
Ada Taggar-Cohen
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Deuteronomy’s Herem Law: Protecting Israel at the Cost of its Humanity

Deuteronomy’s Herem Law: Protecting Israel at the Cost of its Humanity

Of all the harsh behavior in warfare known from the ancient Near East, Deuteronomy’s requirement that Israel slaughter all the inhabitants of Canaan is unique. In all likelihood, the law sought to suppress Israel’s inclination to idolatry.

Prof.
Mordechai Cogan
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Justifying War Crimes in the Bible and the Ancient Near East

Justifying War Crimes in the Bible and the Ancient Near East

In the ancient world, as now, indiscriminate violence and mass killing in war is explained as a struggle to defend “our” way of life against those who threaten to destroy it.

Prof.
C. L. Crouch
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Does YHWH’s Name Dwell in the Temple?

Does YHWH’s Name Dwell in the Temple?

Deuteronomy refers to the central cult site as the place where YHWH chooses לְשַׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ שָׁם,  an unusual phrase often translated “to cause His name to dwell there,” and interpreted to mean that an abstracted aspect or hypostasis of YHWH takes up residence in the Temple. A parallel phrase found in many Akkadian inscriptions refutes this understanding, offering us a critically important correction to our reading of Deuteronomy.

Prof.
Sandra L. Richter
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How Do We Know a True Prophet? Jeremiah vs. Hananiah

How Do We Know a True Prophet? Jeremiah vs. Hananiah

Jeremiah urges Judah to submit to Babylon while Hananiah claims that Babylon will soon fall. Both use the same prophetic tropes to convince their listeners. Maimonides reads this story as a blueprint for distinguishing true prophets from false ones.

Prof.
James A. Diamond
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Discerning False Prophecy: The Story of Ahab and the Lying Spirit

Discerning False Prophecy: The Story of Ahab and the Lying Spirit

Ahab’s 400 court prophets all assure him that he will defeat Aram, but the prophet Micaiah tells him that these prophets are being enticed by a lying spirit, sent by YHWH himself, for the purpose of destroying Ahab. If Ahab had been willing to face his own position vis-a-vis God honestly, he would have known who was telling the truth.

Prof.
James A. Diamond
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Prophecy and Legislation After Moses

Prophecy and Legislation After Moses

Deuteronomy promises the Israelites that God will continue sending prophets “like Moses.” But if the Torah’s legislation cannot be adjusted, what is the role of later prophets? And how can all the changes to Torah law made by the rabbis be justified?

Prof.
Kenneth Seeskin
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Israel’s Army: What Is the Basis for the Draft in Jewish Law?

Israel’s Army: What Is the Basis for the Draft in Jewish Law?

When the State of Israel was established, the leading figures in religious Zionism had to justify Israel’s right to conscript soldiers using Jewish legal sources.

Prof.
Robert Eisen
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How Jewish Was Herod?

How Jewish Was Herod?

Despite the negative evaluations of Herod found in traditional Jewish sources, archaeological evidence suggests that, with some notable exceptions, Herod viewed himself as connected to the Jewish religion and made efforts to adhere to its laws, even in his personal lifestyle.

Evie Gassner
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Megiddo’s Stables: Trading Egyptian Horses to the Assyrian Empire

Megiddo’s Stables: Trading Egyptian Horses to the Assyrian Empire

Megiddo was a major Israelite city that was transformed into a horse training center, with large stables and arenas where the palaces once stood. Scholars once attributed these stables to Solomon, but they are actually from the 8th century B.C.E., built by Jeroboam II to provide war horses to the Assyrian Empire.

Dr.
Norma Franklin
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Are Trees of the Field Human?

Are Trees of the Field Human?

Deuteronomy 20:19 forbids the chopping down of fruit trees during war-time, and offers the cryptic explanation כי האדם עץ השדה (ki ha-adam etz hasadeh), but what does this mean?[1]

Prof.
Shai Secunda
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The Tale of Susanna: A Story about Daniel

The Tale of Susanna: A Story about Daniel

A Second Temple story of how Daniel used his knowledge of Torah to save a righteous woman from wicked judges who falsely accused her of adultery.

Dr.
Malka Z. Simkovich
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Can There Be Another Prophet Like Moses?

Can There Be Another Prophet Like Moses?

Deuteronomy introduces the possibility of future Moses-like prophets who will continue to instruct the Israelites how to follow YHWH’s commandments. At the same time, it makes the existence of such a prophet virtually impossible.

Dr.
Jonathan Stökl
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Honoring the Death of Soldiers

Honoring the Death of Soldiers

Praise of heroic death is a trope in ancient Near Eastern and Greek texts, and in modern commemorations such as Israel’s Yom Hazikaron and America’s Memorial Day, yet it is conspicuously absent in the Bible. Why?

Prof.
Jacob L. Wright
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The Kohanim the Levi’im

The Kohanim the Levi’im

Are Levi’im considered Kohanim, with all the accompanying mitzvot and benefits, or not? Apparently it depends which book in the Torah you are reading, Deuteronomy or Leviticus-Numbers.

A. Avreich
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Deuteronomy’s Justice System: Real and Ideal

Deuteronomy’s Justice System: Real and Ideal

Deuteronomy’s legal system is complex, combining descriptions of how law actually functioned with elements of ideal law.

Prof.
Yigal Levin
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Parry Moshe
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Breaking the Heifer’s Neck: A Bloodless Ritual for an Unsolved Murder

Breaking the Heifer’s Neck: A Bloodless Ritual for an Unsolved Murder

If a corpse is found in a field, and the killer is unknown, the enders of the closest city to break a heifer’s neck by a stream and declare that they did not spill “this blood” (Deuteronomy 21). How does this ritual of eglah arufah, “broken-necked heifer,” atone for Israel’s bloodguilt?

Dr.
Yitzhaq Feder
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Eglah Arufah: A Ritual Response to an Unsolved Murder

Eglah Arufah: A Ritual Response to an Unsolved Murder

The law of the heifer whose neck is broken, eglah arufah, has puzzled both traditional and modern commentators. What is it meant to accomplish? How does it work?

Prof. Rabbi
Marty Lockshin
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Does the Torah Really Want Us to Appoint a King?

Does the Torah Really Want Us to Appoint a King?

Deuteronomy’s legislation leaves the decision whether to appoint or not to appoint a king up to the people, and it seems to reflect negatively on the monarchy.  How did a law like this come about?

Dr. Rabbi
Zev Farber
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A King Who Reads Torah

A King Who Reads Torah

Deuteronomy envisions a king constantly reading torah and limiting his wealth and resources. Is this how kings are described in the rest of the Bible? What was kingship like in the ancient Near East?

Dr.
Cynthia Edenburg
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Shoftim

שופטים

Deuteronomy 16:18-21:9

צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף לְמַעַן תִּחְיֶה וְיָרַשְׁתָּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְ־הוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ׃

דברים טז:כ

Justice, justice shall you pursue, that you may thrive and occupy the land that YHWH your God is giving you.

Deut 16:20

Deuteronomy

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